One tunnel in Gaza was broad sufficient for a high Hamas official to drive a automobile inside. One other stretched almost three soccer fields lengthy and was hidden beneath a hospital. Beneath the home of a senior Hamas commander, the Israeli navy discovered a spiral staircase resulting in a tunnel roughly seven tales deep.
These particulars and new details about the tunnels, some made public by the Israeli navy and documented by video and pictures, underscore why the tunnels have been thought-about a serious risk to the Israeli navy in Gaza even earlier than the warfare began.
However Israeli officers and troopers who’ve since been within the tunnels — in addition to present and former American officers with expertise within the area — say the scope, depth and high quality of the tunnels constructed by Hamas have astonished them. Even a few of the equipment that Hamas used to construct the tunnels, noticed in captured movies, has shocked the Israeli navy.
The Israeli navy now believes there are much more tunnels below Gaza.
In December, the community was assessed to be an estimated 250 miles. Senior Israeli protection officers, who spoke on the situation of anonymity to debate intelligence issues, are presently estimating the community is between 350 and 450 miles — extraordinary figures for a territory that at its longest level is just 25 miles. Two of the officers additionally assessed there are shut to five,700 separate shafts main right down to the tunnels.
The numbers couldn’t be independently verified, and there are various estimates by Israeli officers for the elevated scope of the tunnel community, based mostly on completely different intelligence. However the immense efforts of Hamas to militarize the enclave will not be in dispute; nor are the intelligence failures of the Israeli navy in underestimating the extent and significance of the community to Hamas’s survival.
In a gathering in January 2023, a high Israeli navy official stated the tunnels wouldn’t even be a consider any future warfare with Hamas due to Israel’s navy energy, based on a transcript of the dialogue reviewed by The New York Instances.
“Hamas has used the time and assets during the last 15 years to show Gaza right into a fortress,” stated Aaron Greenstone, a former C.I.A. officer who has labored extensively within the Center East.
For the Israeli navy, the tunnels are a subterranean nightmare and the core of Hamas’s capacity to outlive. Each strategic purpose of Israel in Gaza is now linked to wiping out the tunnels.
“If you wish to destroy the management and arsenal of Hamas, it’s a must to destroy the tunnels,” stated Daphné Richemond-Barak, a tunnel warfare skilled at Reichman College in Israel. “It’s change into linked to each a part of the navy missions.”
Hamas has invested closely within the tunnels because it doesn’t have the assets or numbers to combat the Israeli navy in a standard warfare. The group makes use of the tunnels as navy bases and arsenals, and depends on them to maneuver its forces undetected and defend its high commanders.
One 2022 doc confirmed Hamas budgeted $1 million on the tunnel doorways, underground workshops and different bills in Khan Younis.
Israeli intelligence officers lately assessed that there have been about 100 miles of tunnels slightly below Khan Younis, southern Gaza’s largest metropolis, the place Israeli forces at the moment are in heavy combating. Yahya Sinwar, the navy chief of Hamas in Gaza, had a house in Khan Younis.
As well as, a 2015 report indicated that Hamas had spent greater than $3 million on tunnels all through the Gaza Strip, together with many constructed below civilian infrastructure and delicate places similar to colleges and hospitals, the Israeli navy stated.
The Israeli navy stated it had discovered two sorts of tunnels: ones utilized by commanders and others utilized by operatives. The commander tunnels are deeper and extra comfy, permitting for longer stays and use of ceramic tiles. The opposite tunnels are extra spartan and infrequently shallower.
An Israeli official stated the navy may need spent a 12 months finding a single tunnel, however now the bottom marketing campaign has supplied a trove of details about Gaza’s underground community.
The Israeli navy has examined computer systems utilized by Hamas operatives in command of tunnel development to search out the underground passageways, a senior Israeli official stated. Some paperwork captured within the warfare are additionally proving important. The Israeli navy has discovered lists of the households that “hosted” the tunnel entrances of their personal properties.
In a single case, Israeli troopers positioned a map of tunnels in Beit Hanoun, a metropolis in northern Gaza, and used it to search out and destroy tunnels. Even with this battlefield intelligence, the combating in Gaza across the tunnels has been grueling. The Israeli navy reviews that almost 190 troopers have been killed and about 240 significantly wounded for the reason that floor marketing campaign began. However the navy has not disclosed the variety of lifeless and wounded in reference to the tunnel warfare.
One soldier, talking on the situation of anonymity for security causes, stated he oversaw the destruction of about 50 tunnels in Beit Hanoun. All of them have been booby-trapped, he stated. The soldier, an officer within the fight engineers, stated his unit had discovered bombs hidden in partitions and an enormous explosive gadget that was hard-wired to be remotely activated.
The soldier, who was a reservist and has since been discharged, stated the gadget had been made in a manufacturing facility and had a serial quantity on it. If it had gone off, the bomb would have killed anyone within the tunnel and instantly outdoors it, he stated.
Hamas launched a video in November exhibiting the way it lured a bunch of 5 Israeli troopers to a tunnel entrance in Beit Hanoun after which used a roadside bomb to kill the troopers.
Ms. Richemond-Barak stated Hamas had imported the tactic from Syrian rebels who killed dozens of presidency troops in a tunnel assault in 2014 in Aleppo.
On Jan. 8, Israeli troopers took journalists to see three tunnel shafts in central Gaza — one inside a one-story farm constructing on the outskirts of Bureij, the second inside a civilian steelworks on the sting of Maghazi and a 3rd inside a shed close to the steelworks.
The shaft within the steelworks was the deepest and most subtle. It descended roughly 30 yards and was fitted with some type of elevator. The troopers stated it was used to move munitions components that have been molded within the steelworks. A bucket of shells or rocket heads lay close by. The troopers stated the shells have been based mostly on a template of a yellow U.S.-made mortar shell inscribed with the phrases “20 mm mortar shell; Lot 1-2008.”
The troopers didn’t permit journalists into the shaft, citing the chance of explosions, however stated Hamas would carry the munitions components into the tunnel to move them to a different a part of the tunnel community, the place they might be fitted with explosives.
The tunnel was stated to result in a close-by shed made out of corrugated iron. The journalists have been escorted to that shed, the place they noticed 10 massive rockets that have been roughly three yards lengthy and painted olive inexperienced. The rockets have been contained in lengthy rectangular cages, probably used to move them.
The troopers stated the rockets had a spread of roughly 60 miles. A shaft within the flooring led underground, but it surely was unclear the place the shaft led to, or how deep it was. It appeared shallower than the primary shaft.
The emblem of the Qassam brigades, the navy wing of Hamas, was caught to a wall.
Later, the Israeli Military printed pictures and video of the shafts and different close by amenities. A Instances photographer documented the navy infrastructure, too.
The troopers additionally took journalists to see a 3rd tunnel shaft in a one-story farm constructing in Bureij, roughly a mile to the north, surrounded by farmland. They stated the shaft had been hidden behind a locked door, which had been blown off its hinges. The journalists have been once more not allowed to enter the tunnel.
Outdoors, roughly 100 yards away, navy bulldozers appeared to have unearthed a part of the tunnel main from the farm constructing. It was roughly 5 yards beneath the floor, arched in form and broad sufficient for one individual to cross comfortably.
Hamas has improved its capacity to hide the tunnels, however the senior official stated the Israeli navy had discovered one of many group’s working fashions. The official referred to as it the “triangle.” At any time when the Israeli navy finds a faculty, a hospital or a mosque, troopers know they’ll anticipate to find an underground tunnel system beneath them, the official stated.
Destroying the tunnels shouldn’t be a straightforward process, the official stated. They must be mapped, checked for hostages and never simply broken however made irreparable. Latest makes an attempt to demolish the tunnels by flooding them with seawater have failed.
The official estimated it might take years to disable the tunnel system.
Julian E. Barnes contributed reporting from Washington.
